Funny Games Movie Analysis

The preferred reading from director Michael Haneke gives a lot of insight to wherefore the auditory sense felt the way they did. Hanekes intended message of the film was irony. All the rules that usually make the viewer go home happy and cheery are broken in my film, (Haneke). This is why the film makes audiences so uncomfortable it takes them out of their standard beliefs of what a film should have in it. Haneke breaks these rules several times to give the audience increased disembodied spiritings of anxiousness. Theres this unspoken rule that you cant harm animals.What do I do? I violent death the dog first thing. The same thing with the boy. Youre not supposed to break the illusion. What do I do? I break the illusion. Its the prescript of the whole film. Its a very ironic film, (Haneke) Haneke also displays the irony by dint of the music, Just like the film is a parody of a perfect thriller, John Zorn is a parody of classical heavy metal. The classical music is not a soun dtrack in this movie. All my music is not meant as a soundtrackis part of the action, part of the story.The other music, the John Zorn music, is under the titles, and its the ironic colon. OK, now we go to a thriller, (Haneke) Hanekes second message is manipulation, I wanted to show the audience how much they can be manipulated, (Haneke). He purposefully toys with the audience, bringing them to unfamiliar territory. First they think its all an illusion, just a film, then I do this rewinding and suddenly you go back. I look at the viewer directly, I talk to him, I wink at him. I do this again and again to show how much one can manipulate.In view of this overriding illusion in movies, its a bang-up idea to create a little bit of mistrust in the verite, in the truth of moving pictures. As for Peter and Paul being sunny that interpretation was not intended. We heard it before, but Im very surprised actually. First of all, the actors arent gay, but that would be beside the point. I d ont know why people think thatbecause they are handsome, or have white clothes on, I dont know, (Haneke). Overall Haneke wanted the audience to feel a, Slap in the face, and it definitely worked.The negotiated reading for Funny Games describes the movie as, Horror that really scared, devastated, and stayed with me long after the final scene was over, (Galina 1). I feel that this is close to what I was thinking after the film and also to many others in the class. The nonchalant nature of Paul and Peter really sticks to you and the infamous George, why are you doing this to us? Paul, Why not? is absolutely chilling. This is scary to most people because the audience is used to a killer that has a direct creator and a back story.Funny Games leaves you with none of that and because this is very uncommon our lack of gap-fill is shocking. I cant easily recall another movie that made me go through the same emotions as the innocent victims in the movie did, to feel the same helplessness, hopelessness, despair, humiliation, and horror, (Galina 1). All of these emotions build up to a realization that the good guys wont win. Most of the time movies punish offensive and let the good prevail but when this doesnt happen audiences are shocked because our gap-fill between good and evil comforted us that there was a chance for the good.After the awareness that evil has won a sense of They are among us, they are nice and polite, strong read, shy and ironic, they have the names from the new Testament, Paul and Peter, they talk with the soft refined voices but they are monsters nevertheless who have no regard for a human life and who want to play their sadistic funny games to the extreme, sets in (Galina 1). This reception of the movie Funny Games is what I feel most viewers felt.

How the English language influenced African literature Essay

The ingestion of the incline terminology plays a significant and ascendant role in African literature. In contemporary African literature the use of English is often the key element for success as an African carry throughr. This enables them to express their views across a larger area of todays global world. However writing in English instead of their native tongues whitethorn come at a high price for these African writers. By them replacing their native languages with English could eventually lead to the eradication of their native tongues. The resolve of this essay is to address the following key elements which influence the role of English in African literature. Colonization played a leading role in placing English at the forefront of African literature. English can be viewed as a necessary evil, especially by most of those African writers who did not inherit the English language.The English language forms the core of African literature, through unwrap most set abouts of Africa. This is often evident in our everyday experiences. For example, the bulk of the educational institutes in Africa, use English as a medium for engaging in learning activities. English has long been the language of politics. Furthermore, in the media and in literature, English is clearly the dominant language.In order for us to gain an understanding as to why English is the dominate language in African literature we need to address the main factor which has placed English at the centre of African literature. The effects of colonialism had the most influence over this situation.In 1884, Europe divided the African countries into separate colonies and shaped the African nations under their colonial powers. These separate colonies were classified according to the languages of Europe, English- speaking, Portuguese-speaking and French-speaking African countries.Colonialism controlled and limited the use of African languages by imposing negative and stereotypical views upon these Af rican languages. This is clearly stated by S.N.Dlamini..Another interpretation of the use of the Zulu language comes from itsassociation with illiteracy and ignorance. This interpretation was historic, and a typical example of how British colonisation and a British education system impacted on language use. With colonialism, African languages were downgraded, and the language of the colonising country, English became the language of commerce, education and an instrument with which to measure knowledge(Dlamini200516)The use of English in African literature can most definitely be viewed as a necessary evil. On the 1 hand, the English language plays a fundamental part in many aspects of discourse. For instance, those African writers who choose to write in English can express their opinions, views, experiences and the like, across a more global scale. On the other hand, its a variant scenario altogether for those whom have had to bring in English as their min language. Obviously, people would generally feel more comfortable writing in their home language as opposed to an supererogatory language.Chinua Achebe wroteThose of us who have inherited the English language may not be in a position to appreciate the value of the inheritance. Or we may go on resenting it because it came as part of a package deal which included many other items of doubtful value and the positive atrocity of racial arrogance and prejudice which may yet set the world on fire. But let us not in rejecting evil throw out the good with it. (Achebe200531)There is no use in ignoring the fact that most literature will continue to be written in English. There are many reasons as to why it would not be feasible to banish the use of European languages in Africa, in replace of an African language. Firstly, this would affect the levels of communication within Africa and in relation with the rest of the world, as there are very few individuals in other parts of the world that understand one of the Af rican languages.Secondly, this surgical operation would entail many expenses and complications. Forinstance, the changing of educational institutions into ones with and African language as a medium for learning.those African writers who have chosen to write in English or French are not unpatriotic smart Alecs with an eye on the main chance-outside their own countries. They are the by-products of the same process that made the new nation states of Africa (Achebe200531)Clearly, there are many advantages of writing in a first world language. Firstly, this would cultivate Africa to be a part of the global network of communication. For instance, this would allow African writers to express their views across a broader scale of the globe. Mazizi Kunene stated, African literature is no literature unless it is used as a vehicle of ideas. Furthermore, the use of a universal language helps to destroy the barriers between different mixer or cultural groups by creating the link of communicatio n.Secondly, with the ability to communicate, this allows these different social and cultural groups to interact, thus creating recognition for these different cultural groups. Charles Taylor creates a clear indication of the importance of recognition in his article The politics of recognition.The pauperization for recognition in multiculturalism is given urgency by the supposed links between recognition and identity, where this multiculturalism designates something like a persons understanding of who they are, of their fundamental defining characteristics as a human being. The thesis is that our identity is partly shaped by recognition or its absence, often by the misrecognition of others, and so a person or a group of people can suffer satisfying damage, real distortion , if the people or society around them then mirror tooshie to them a confining or demeaning or contemptible picture of themselves. Nonrecognition or misrecognition can inflict harm, can be a form of oppression, i mprisoning soul in a false, distorted, and reduced mode of being.In other words, communication helps to facilitate the recognition of groups,which is especially crucial for those smaller cultural groups from being ladened and viewed as inferior, due to peoples ignorance.On the other hand, one needs to address the obstacles facing the African writer. For those who have acquired English as their second language, often feel that they are incapable of expressing themselves in the correct context when writing in English. Some feel they have to first think in their native tongue and then translate it into English and in the process their writing looses its meaning.Achebe stated in his article, The English language and the African writerThe real question is not whether Africans could write in English but whether they ought to. Is it right that a man should abandon his mother-tongue for someone elses? It looks like a awed betrayal and produces a guilty feeling. But for me there is no oth er choice. I have been given this language and I intend to use it. (Achebe,C200533)Firstly, in order to retain ones self identity, the sense of who you are and where you came from, one must first define themselves in relation to their language and their environment. This should be a crucial element, before adopting other languages. Ngugi wa Thiongo stated,The choice of language and the use to which language is put is central to a peoples definition of themselves in relation to their natural and social environment, indeed in relation to the entire universe.(200525)Hopefully there will still be writers who choose to write in their native languages, to ensure the cosmea and the development of African literature.Evidently as the above evaluation states, African literature will continue to be dominated by the use of the English language. Although this is the reality to date, those Africans should not do so at the expense of abandoning their mother-tongue.

The Minutemen and Their World

Robert A. Gross in his book, The Minutemen and Their World, takes a ne ber look at the American transmutation by investigating the lives of the plenty that exist in Concord, Massachu depositts. By exploring and understanding court records, diaries, colony records, families trees, and private papers the writer begins to illustrate a refinement prior, during, and subsequent to the American Revolution.He in addition succeeds in producing an excellent written chronological text that is simple to read, understand, and enjoy. It can be thought that Gross achieves this by providing the reader an enhanced sense of the living of a person in the period of the American Revolution. As well, the writer provides the true training that not exactly were the people of Concord experiencing a Revolution to battle for their autonomy, but they were furthermore undergoing economic, social, agricultural, and religious revolutions.Prior to the Revolution, Concordians were living in their own world, sym bolic altogethery and accurately speaking. The social baseball club of Concord was well developed and controllight-emitting diode issues domestically. These problems hampered with the daily social and economic environment. For instance, relationships between parents and their children were deteriorating. Also, the soil was being used up for the reason of excessive farming which led to the problem of too man sons and not enough land to be divided up between them.The generation gap between social classes was as well as broadening and political offices were held by a privileged few which were passed down almost as an inheritance through families. These domestic problems were temporarily put on hold with the appearance of the characteristic of a Revolution. The harmony necessary to conquer the reliance by the British Crown was much more significant to the people of Concord than their somewhat small problems and bickering. The most important feature behind the peoples determination to stay free was that they desired to preserve and defend their traditional life, on the other hand by combating to protect that life, Gross would point out that the Concordians in consequence opened themselves to change.The mainly convincing argument Gross makes reveals the press release of patriarchal control in Concord, and apparently across the colonies. He portrays the manners sons rely on fathers for land, and daughters depend on fathers for dowries. As the financial environment changes, dowries are condensed, local fruitful land turn out to be limited and mature children have enticements to leave the relatives to trail the frontier. This outlays the father his basis of labor and outlays the children the alternative of heritage and constancy.The changes the Revolution had on the people of Concord were the building blocks of the democratic society as one recognizes it today. By joining together to depose the elevation the people of Concord defeat the barriers of residence and w ealth(61). Men in all positions of the society desired to defend their freedom, consequently after the Revolution the complete(a) rules relating to the elitist model of government in Concord seldom existed.Gross points out that after the Revolution the newly elected delegate was sent a strict set of rigid rules for him to follow in court(163). With new prominence placed on the people and their rights, politics was hardly ever about religious billet any longer but more about equal representation. Also, after the revolution, Gross indicate that by 1790 there are no slaves in Massachusetts. With the Concordians scrap for their autonomy in the Revolution, it would be archetypal for the Concordians to see enslavement of any persons as hypocritical when that is the very thing they were fighting against.Agriculture also was alleviating by restructuring and intense farming. This resulted in a better-off social life and landscape. In general, the competition between generations was decli ned and sons continued with their families instead of moving away. All things considered, a better-off economic and social fire developed the people of Concord after the Revolution, though not right away.Robert Gross carried out a marvelous quantity of research to uncover information about persons whose names and achievements have long since been elapsed by the world, but he enlightens their tale so systematically that he permits the reader to overlook what a demanding assignment he took upon himself. With the closer look at Concord, Gross means to symbolize Concord as a representation of an ordinary colonial dependency during the Revolution. The characters in the book provide the reader logic of why the people in this town opted to rebellion. By representing the people of Concord and their causes to battle, Gross efficiently signifies all of the colonies that battled in the Revolution as Gross describes the Concord fight as a happening in a wider war.The Minutemen and Their World was ground-breaking in personalizing a Revolution. The cause prolonged past proceedings and statistics into a persuasive account of people both normal and great. The points of view are concrete due to the heavy three-figure research. Works CitedGross A. Robert, (April 30, 2001), The Minutemen and Their World, Hill and Wang 25th Ann edition, IS

Philosophy metaphysics Essay

In pose to clearly f are the starting question, it is important first to answer the question what is the soul for Aristotle and as such give an account of how he views substance and separability. Aristotle posits in de Anima that the soul is the substance in the sense which corresponds to the determinate contour lineula of a things essence. That look upons that it is the necessity whatness of a clay of the character plainly assigned. ( mass II, 412b). As such, the soul is the essence of being and the essence of being is its substance.By being, Aristotle refers to the thing itself while by essence he refers to the primary essence of the thing itself wherein integrityness is treated as the subject in its cause right i. e. the good itself is treated as the essence of the good. It rout out be deduced accordingly, using hypothetical syllogism that if soul is the essence of a being and the essence of being is its substance, accordingly the soul is the substance of a being . He argued further that whatever is has a being, whatever has a being has a substance this as the grounding of his epistemology. whence, whatever is has a substance.This implies then that being is identical to substance. If such is the case, then using the belief of excluded middle, being is withal identical to soul. Now, let us elucidate the concept of separability. Aristotle first distinguished the battle between the body and the soul. The body as he verbalise corresponds to what exists in potentiality, it being the subject or matter of a possible actuality. Soul, on the other(a)(a) hand, is a substance (actuality) in the sense of the form of a natural body having life potentially within it it is the actuality of the body. Aristotle, Book II, 421b) As he delineates the disparity between the body and soul, iodine should non be mislead in regarding the two as snap off entities. They ar at some drumhead seems to be separate for in the former we are talk about a corpo real body in its spatio-temporal existence while in the latter we are talking of an incorporeal body transcending in the spatio-temporal world. However, their separability in terms of space and cadence does non save in mind they are separate as whole that is an entity having life.As Aristotle argues the soul is inseparable from its body, or at whatsoever rate that certain parts of it are (if it has parts) for the actuality of some of them is nothing but the actualities of their bodily parts. (Aristotle, Book II, 413a). He argues further that body finishnot be the actuality of the soul it is the soul which is the actuality of a certain patient of of body. Hence the soul displacenot be without a body, while it rumpnot be a body it is not a body but something relative to a body. That is why it is in a body and a body of a definite kind. (Book I, 421a).It can be deduced then that soul and the body are inseparable with separately other. It is because the essence of both their existence lies in the interdependency of their telos the soul actualizing the potential life in the body while the body providing an entity for the soul to actualize itself in the genuine world. Since the soul is the actuality of natural body, then of course it would seeded player certain functions which it can actualize. Aristotle has identified these functions to be the following (1. ) supplys of self-nutrition or the nutritive function (2. powers of flair which includes the sensory and appetitive function (3. ) the power of movement and rest or the locomotive function and (4. ) the power of intellection. With these functions, he posited a psychical power of hierarchy. He acquireed that of the psychic powers mentioned above, some kinds of beings posses all of these, some take less than all while others posses only one. As such, evidently, the names ingest the power of self-nutrition wherein they can grow up or down and increase or decrease in all direction as languish they can find nutrients in the soil. It is through their own means that they continue tolive.Even though the plants bear only one function of the soul, it is a great wonder how they continuously subsist on their own. abutting is the power of sensation, which is possessed by all animals. All animals possessed the power of sensation because they all conduct the primary form of sense, which is touch. Aristotle defended and further elaborated this notion in de Anima. To wit if any order of documentation things has the sensory, it must alike absorb the appetitive for appetite is the genus of which desire, passion, and wish are the species now all animals have one sense at to the lowest degree, viz. ouch, and whatever has a sense has the capacity for pleasure and irritation and therefore has pleasant and painful objects present to it, and wherever these are present, there is desire, for desire is save appetition of what is pleasant. (BookII, 414b) From the arguments pass ond ab ove, it can be evidently inferred not just how Aristotle proven that all animals possess at least one sense, the touch, but excessively how he scientifically deduced that all animals by virtue of their sensory function, possess appetitive function, too.From all these animals, there are some which possessed the power of locomotion, advancing them to a higher(prenominal) stratum. These are animals which can execute any kind of movements together with the capacity to halt such movement. Lastly, the kind-hearted beings possessed all of the above-mentioned functions placing them on the top of the hierarchy. They posses the power of thinking, which is the essential feature of the adult male beings and which separates them isolated from all other species. Analyzing the theoretical framework Aristotle succumbed to, it can be construed then that for him any being has a soul.This is evidently manifested in his attempt to prove the groundings of his epistemology extending his claim to the psychic hierarchy wherein he posited that every kind of animation thing any entity for that matter possesses certain function/s of the soul It should be ready in mind, however, that even Aristotle posited the different functions of the soul they are in essence, inseparable. An example of this is the function of nutrition (by eating) which human beings in particular do in order to properly and clearly think. The latter being also a function of the soul.Evidently, every function of the soul is interconnected with each other especially in the case of the Homo sapiens, who possessed all the enumerated functions of the soul. Aristotle notions of intellect can be rooted in his design of knowledge in his epistemology. It is from his conception of knowledge arises his other assertions on how he views the world. It is common sensical then to claim that his conception of the mind or any other things transcending from their spatio-temporal existence, his metaphysics, is grounded on his e pistemology.As such, it is with utmost importance to first answer how Aristotle regards the nature of knowledge and how does one able to acquire knowledge so as to brook an answer on his notion of intellect. Knowledge for him can only be found within the material world that is things, which are intelligible by senses. It is then through our attend with this objects in their spatio-temporal existence that we come to know them. He mentioned the work ates of how we can arrive to know these objects by perceptual experience, discrimination and thinking.By perceptual experience here, I mean the process of how our senses operate to recognize things in the material word. Discrimination then comes simultaneous with perception in order to give a concrete description of the thing being perceived. In example, upon the perception of a certain plant, we can able to distinguish its structure and other ontical features as the mind started to categorized. As a corollary, we arrived at the con clusion that what we perceived is indeed a plant. From there, we judged that what we perceived is indeed a plant and hence, arriving in the narrate of thinking.It can be deduced then that through thinking, one can able to cover up the ontical features of an object and by virtue ones reason, its primary essence. By primary essence, I mean the telos or the end itself of a thing. Since reason for Aristotle is innate in human beings so is intellect. It is because for Aristotle, reason is an essential property of the mind that is of the intellect. If that is the case, then reason for Aristotle is relatively tantamount to the intellect.Husserl, on the other hand regarded the process of intuition as the first level of cognition wherein the objects are fag in its original thru experience. This is also the case when one is cognizing objects of mere representations which includes but not terminationed to pictorial intuitions and any means of symbolic indications. To wit, experiencing is consciousness that intuits something and economic values it to be actual experiencing is intrinsically characterized as consciousness of the natural object in question and of it as the original there is consciousness of the original as being there in mortal.The same thing can be expressed by saying that objects would be nothing at all for the cognizing subject if they did not appear to him, if he had of them no phenomenon. Here, therefore, phenomenon signifies a certain content that intrinsically inhabits the intuitive consciousness in question and is the substrate for its actuality valuation. (Husserl, p. 3) It is only but logical to infer that experience plays a vital role in the cognition of a certain object. As such, it is only upon experience, can one theorized and moved to a higher level of cognition.A thing must first be intuited before one can theorize about them. And after theorizing, comes the process of reflection. Evidently, both Aristotle and Husserl believed in the value of experience in which the former calls perception and the latter intuition. From these processes arises higher forms of cognition wherein the end result for Aristotle is thinking through the use of reason while for Husserl, it is vestal reflection as a result of phenomenology. It is then with utmost importance to first clarify, what does Husserl meant by intellect and ego.As such, in what process does a person uses his intellect. Furthermore, what is the difference of reflection from pure reflection and of the empirical Ego to the transcendental Ego? Also, one should answer the question what is phenomenology? and why it is only through this process one can arrive at pure reflection? For Husserl, intellect is identical with consciousness as Ego is identical to Self. As such, when one speaks of intellect, one is referring to consciousness and vice-versa. Such is also the case with the Ego and the Self.Reflection is the process wherein one is looking not towards the act of reflection itself but rather in the direction of the objects one is conscious of. As such, one is wageed in reflecting how these objects exist rather than asking how they come into being or essentially, enquiring on their key existence. If the consciousness is moving towards this kind of reflection, then the Ego is only in his/her ontical (empirical) status. Pure reflection, on the other hand, is the process wherein the consciousness is reflecting his consciousness that is the act of reflection per se.This is the case wherein the Ego transcends from his ontical stage by describing the events i. e. relating, referring, combining, et al in his consciousness. And this can only be make thru the process of phenomenology. What is phenomenology then? Phenomenology is defined as the skill of consciousness. (Husserl, p. 5) It is the process of describing the things and events themselves in their primordial sense through the use of phenomenological reduction. Phenomenological reduction then is the process wherein one suspends his/her pre create by mental actd notion of things in order to objectively severalise the objects and events as what it appears to them.It only thru this process that we can arrive at pure reflection because this is the only method wherein objects and events are describe as themselves without concord to any established principle or assumption. Evidently, Aristotles notion of intellect and Husserls notion of Ego posited the strength of mind in oecumenical transcending from space and time. If that is the case, then the conception of a person is not only confined within the physical realm that is he can do things beyond the limit of his physical existence in his journey to unravel the primordial existence of objects and any discipline for that matter.However, what sets them away from each other is their notion on how one can really prod the ontological state of an object or in the words of Kant their intentionality. Aristotle believed tha t one can only know the ontological state of a thing by referring to its primary essence, its telos as the context clue in able to grasp the objects primary essence. For Husserl, on the other hand, it is only through the use of phenomenological method can one comprehend the ontological state of objects.In Being and Time, Heidegger attempted to know the meaning of a Being that is the Dasein, by starting to ask and redefine the fundamental question of What is a Being? He further continued this method by asking the ontological question of Being that only a being can know his Being because he is consciousness to his Being by his being. His starting point is the fact that a being is a Being-in-the-World. He is a being situated in this world. As such, it is only him who can know his being by virtue of his ontic-ontological character.If that is the case, then it is only him who can study his possibilities by virtue of being a spatio-temporal entity. Since no other entities can determin e his possibilities as a being conscious of his existence, then the Dasein solely can ascertain his existentiall. It can be deduced then that the trade union movement of Dasein is to transcend to his existentiell in order to arrive at his ontological status. He can only do this by maximizing his possibilities to know himself thru the things which are ready-at-hand things which can help him to reveal his being to him.It should be unbroken in mind that this process of knowing the Dasein does not go in hermeneutic circles rather on a back and forth condition Dasein as a spatio-temporal entity is facing a hard time to know his being because there is a tendency that he might be too absorb in his world or fall. Yet what Heidegger wants to emphasize is that he as a Dasein should not conceive his being as a spatio-temporal entity an encumbrance to his Being. It is because it is only through this world he can have his possibilities. This separates him from other entities and deems him a D asein.Evidently, Heideggers notion of Dasein greatly gives importance to the relationship of the Being and the world which is also apparent in Aristotle notion of intellect and Husserls notion of Ego. However, what separates the former from the latter is that it focused on providing an answer on how one can transcend to his facticity in order to ontologically know his Being. The latter, on the other hand, focuses in discovering the essence and the ontological existence of the objects in the material world. Transcendental phenomenology is defined in general as the study of essence.It designates two things a new kind of descriptive method which made a breakthrough in philosophy at the turn of the century, and an a priori scientific discipline derived from it a science which is intend to supply the basic instrument for a rigorously scientific philosophy and, in its consequent application, to entertain possible a methodical reform of all the sciences. (Husserl, p. 15) Essentially, tr anscendental phenomenology then is a description of phenomena. Husserl, then, pose down the method to achieve the objective of reforming all the sciences.The first step is the use of phenomenological epoche or reduction or bracketing wherein one suspends or take away all his/her biases and prejudices in order to objectively describe a phenomena. By doing this, we can arrive at a universal description of a phenomena. This depart be followed by the compare and contrast method which one will have to undertake in order to arrive at the pure data of things. It appears then that by suspending ones purpose and undergoing the intersubjectivity test, we can arrive at the pure data of things.In relation to this, Husserl claims that this method should be followed by all sciences in order to answer their primordial condition. It is held that sciences cannot escape their dogmas because it fails to question how they come to be. What they are just doing is a mere adaptation of established prin ciples proven in the past to be true. Since these established principles were proven in the past to be true, scientists or people who work in the sciences do not make any attempt to further verify the truthfulness of their established principles that is how and why is it the case that such principles were held to be true.For indisputably, things cannot just come into being without any rationalization, scientific explanation for that matter. Sciences have constructed ready-made answers to all things their nature, existence, feature, et al grounded on the preconceived notion that sciences have already provided sufficient answers to the primitiveness of these objects. While sciences are engross in explaining these things the ready-made answers, they failed to realized that they were not able to arrived at the Isness of these objects, on how they come into being.However, since the sciences had already deceived the people, that in the past, it already provided sufficient answers to th e primordial existence of things, it appears then they are seemingly contented and satisfied by what the sciences have achieved. This is what phenomenology wants to deconstruct it wanted to create a paradigm shift by destroying the tradition send by science and overcoming relativism and subjectivism by the use of phenomenological reduction. From these, one can arrive at the pure data of consciousness.It is in this sense, that phenomenology becomes transcendental. Phenomenology is different from descriptive psychology because it draws upon pure reflection exclusively, and pure reflection excludes, as such, every type of orthogonal experience and therefore precludes any co positing of objects alien to consciousness. (Husserl, p. 7) Descriptive psychology then does not depend upon pure reflection exclusively it needs psychological experiencing which would result to the reflection of the external experience.As such, consciousness itself becomes something transcendent, becomes an even t in that spatial world which appears, by virtue of consciousness, to be transcendent. (Husserl, p. 7) It can be inferred then that phenomenology focuses solely on the consciousness per se of a being making it the science of consciousness while descriptive psychology focuses on the consciousness of a being in his psychic experiences.Transcendental idealism states that everything intuited in space and time, and therefore all objects of any experience possible to us, are nothing but appearances, that is, mere representations which, in the manner in which they are represented, as extended beings or as series of alterations, have no independent existence outside our thoughts. (Kant, p. 1) As such, it posits that one cannot have the knowledge of the realm beyond the empirical that is one cannot experience objects outside space and time.It is because the mind as Kant argues having certain constraints in reference to space and time can only grasp the noesis of the object but not its nou mena the objects intentionality. It can be inferred then that transcendental idealisms fundamental assertions lies on two grounds first, objects by themselves exudes intentionality and secondly, we can never know their intentionality or noumena because our mind can only grasp the noesis or what is appearing to us. Phenomenology believes on Kants first claim that indeed objects have their own intentionality but vies the second assertion.As such, its emergence as a domain of study in philosophy is grounded on its thrust to prove that indeed the mind can know the noumena of objects. Phenomenology believes that this can be done using eidetic reductionism proving to all that the mind can transcend beyond the physical realm beyond space and time. Essentially, all the philosophies which were tackled in this paper seek to explain and interpret the world including the objects within it and the beings living in it from the primordial existence of things up to the authentication of ones Bei ng.

Old Family Bank

The team tone of voices In umteen ways disrespected, unappreciated and that based on their pay the stick doesnt value their contributions to the company. . Causes 1 . The care team over the data processing department has not do a good lob of communicating the compensation model for that department and how it fits within the organization. 2. Also the management team wasnt aware of how the employees felt, maybe if they had been more in touch with what was going on they could have had adequate to(p) discussions or done something else to try to alleviate the problem. . Systems Affected 1 . Productivity throughout the entire fix because data processing deals with the whole bank in general. 2. Inter-department relationships, because the data recessing team have taken an us versus them attitude towards all other departments and the bank. 3. Alternatives The bank should focus on all of its employees and try to line them feel important to the company. The bank should do research on c ompatible pay raises throughout the company so that they can be competitive.Management should stress the Importance of being firm to the company. 4. Recommendations Do surveys throughout the company so that they can get a feel for the overall attitude of their employees. Have HRS do research and make sure that all pay scales are up to date with the appropriate education and or training. The bank can Install programs that ensure that employees are rewarded for loyalty. Old Family Bank By biannual 1.A large office of the data processing employees felt little loyalty to the bank. Higher pay raises and that there was a major(ip) gap in wages between these areas and that gap didnt match the skill differences. The company. 2. The team feels in many ways disrespected, unappreciated and that job of communicating the compensation model for that department and how it fits importance of being loyal to the company. Date with the appropriate education and or training. The bank can install prog rams

American Latinos: Cubans, Mexicans and Puerto Ricans

leash of the some dominant Latinos present in the American society today be the Mexican (66. 9%), Puerto Ricans (8. 6%) and Cubans (3. 7%) (Ramirez & Cruz, 2003, 20). Aside from the f acquit that only three groups speak Spanish, all sh argon usual ethnic backgrounds that differ from the US mainstream society. For one, the Latinos are very family oriented and keep widen families at radix (Driscoll et al, 2001, 255 Andersen & Collins). In most Latino families, grandparents live with one of their married children or married children live with their parents. sometimes relatives to a fault live with the nuclear family.Grandmothers played a significant role in the lives of Latino families, they suffice in raising their grandchildren and act as advisers. Latino parents in like manner want their children to live with them until they get married. such(prenominal) culture conflicts with the US mainstream society where in colony and self-reliance is by and large emphasized (Andersen & Collins, 1995, 263-265). Keeping an extended family in the firm is non popular in US culture in fact, children are expected to vary their topographic points when they reach eighteen. Children who still live with their parents at that age are looked upon as dependent.Unlike Latino grandparents, superannuateder wo manpower in mainstream society exercised less power over their married children and more often than not suffer from slump due to an empty nest syndrome. Moreover, the prevalent individualistic culture of mainstream society in the US do not allow for too much dependence with other people even with their own family. The Americans work oned saturated in their entire life to support their old age. Unlike the old Latinos that were taken taked of in the home when they are sick, aged Americans are usually cared for in foster homes or hospices.Americans viewed too much dependence on others as a sign of laziness and irresponsibility (Andersen & Collins, 1995, 265). Latinos hold double standard for manpower and women. The honor of Latino family rest on the sexual behavior of their women. Women must keep their virginity at all cost until marriage and be differential to men in their sexuality. Although Hispanics in the twentieth century whitethorn not hold the same strict sexual values, the tradition of maintaining virginity until marriage continues to be a heathen imperative.However, married women are supposed to accept a double standard for sexual behavior by which their husbands may go for sexual affairs with other women. This double standard supports the Latino stereotype of machismo. many an(prenominal) males celebrated their adolescence by visiting prostitutes and their father, uncles or older brothers pays for sexual initiation. Adolescent muliebritylys on the other great deal hold debuts that emphasize their virginity (Andersen & Collins, 1995, 264-266).Unlike in US mainstream society, there is an equal standard on male and female sexual b ehavior, males and females are expected to give up their virginity at a young age almost 15 or 16. Their peers ridiculed them if they are still virgins at 18. This difference in sexual behavior had caused tensions particularly among American adolescents and female Latinas who were taught to keep their virginity at all cost. At present however, due to American cultural influence, younger Latinas now find themselves challenging traditional sexual mores (Andersen & Collins, 1995, 256).In Latin society, female concept of righteousness is connected by their being a martyr or submissive to their husbands and to their family. Male superiority had its root also in machismo. Adult males, however, gave a higher respect and reverence for their mothers. Moreover, in Latino families, women are traditionally regarded as homemakers, as much as possible they stay in the home to care for the family piece of music the men provide for them. American cultural influence however changed the Latino cu lture peculiarly as the Latinos become exposed to the independent and liberated behaviors of the Americans (Andersen & Collins, 1995, 265-266).II. Mexicans and Mexican Americans Due to American conquest of Mexico and the granting of US citizenship in 1848 through the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexicans became a part American society. In the years 1880s and 1940s, many of them migrated to America as laborers. Due to the law of proximity of America to Mexico, many entered the country as illegal immigrants (Andersen & Collins, 1995, 249). want most Latino cultures, Mexican families are patriarchic in nature. Patriarchal families are important instruments of lodge life and nuclear family units are linked together through an elaborate system of kinship and idol parenting.Women are regarded as subordinates to men and are expected to take care of the family while the men work to provide for them. Machismo is also a part of their culture, with men celebrating manhood through the co nquest of many women and performing as superior. Mexican families also recognize extended family network, particularly the system of compadrezo or godparenting. In Mexican society, godparents are an important factor that links family and community. Compadrezos are expected to act as guardians, provide pecuniary assistance in times of need and to substitute in case of death.Because of their devotion to catholic doctrine and machismo, Chicanos do not approve of homosexuality (Andersen & Collins, 1995, 254 Driscoll et al, 2001, 256) In spite of the influence of American culture, racism, segregation and proximity to Mexico help the Chicanos (Mexican-American) to maintain some traditional family practices although the imposition of American law and custom ignored and in the end undermined some aspects of the extended family. Wives are now exercising power over their husbands as they entered the workforce.Unfortunately, even though both work, most men do not help in household chores s o that chicanas are prone to stress. . New generation Chicanos, on the other hand, demands license like their US counterparts and most belike engaged in intercourse at a lower age (Andersen & Collins, 1995, 230 Spence, 2003). Since many of the Mexicans entered illegally in the US, many of them were not able o move freely in American mainstream society create so much stress on their part. Like the rest of the Latinos, Chicanos are at risk for exploitation asthma, diabetes, and AIDS (Center for Disease Control, 2008).Illegal immigrants however, refuse to see a doctor when they got sick as they are agoraphobic to be deported (Figueroa & Griffin, 2006, 2). II. Puerto Ricans Puerto Ricans are the poorest group of all the Latinos and generally are the most dark-skinned. Puerto Ricans first entered the country in 1898 when the United States take possession of Puerto Rico during the Spanish- American War (Andersen & Collins, 1995, 229). The family is patriarchal in nature, with men pl ayacting as providers and protectors and women as homemakers.Men do not take part actively in domestic chores and affectionateness for their children although they are expected to be affectionate to them. Machismo is also a part of thier culture, subordinating women to men and men perceived as having a higher sexual drive. Men enjoy more freedom in public than women do and it is expected that they have many female conquest. Male dominance is met with a womans submissiveness and in the belief that a womans virtue is further enhanced by being enduring and forbearing toward their men although generally women mistrust their men.Puerto Rican women however, in spite of the demands of being patient and forbearing, do not see themselves as resigned females but as dynamic homemakers. Although conscious of their subordinate spatial relation to their husbands, wives are also aware of their power and the demands they can make. They can choose to live with the man or leave him when he turns o ut to be abusive. Furthermore, Puerto Rican women regarded motherhood as a womans sterling(prenominal) satisfaction in life based on their concept of marianismo. Virgin Mary is seen as a womans role model (Andersen & Collins, 1995, 255-260).Ideal family relations are based on two coordinated themes, family unity and family interdependence. Family unity refers to the desirability of close and intimate kin ties, with members getting along well and retention in frequent contact despite dispersal and getting together during holidays or celebrations. Family unity is viewed as contributing to the strengthening of family interdependence. They believe that the greater the unity in the family, the greater the emphasis family members will base on interdependence and familial obligation.Despite the adaptation to American life, Puerto Rican families are still defined by reciprocality among family members, especially those in the immediate family kinship group. Individuals in Puerto Rican fa milies will expect and ask for assistance from received people in their social networks without any derogatory implications of self-esteem. The older women expect to be taken cared of during old age by their adult children (Andersen & Collins, 1995, 255-260). Although emotional and physical closeness among women is encouraged by the culture, over honorable mention of lesbianism is even more restricted than in mainstream American society.In fact, rejection of homosexuals appears to be the dominant attitude in the Puerto Rican community forcing homosexuals to lead a double life although the American concept of equality and individual rights threatens this belief (Andersen & Collins, 1995, 260). Concerning their health, Puerto Ricans have higher risk for AIDS since they least likely get married. They also have the highest rate of growth diabetes among the Latinos (Center for Disease Control, 2008). In recent times, the culture of male dominance is being challenged in Puerto Rican f amilies especially that women also now work.Daughters however are expected to care for the home while their brothers work. New generation Puerto Ricans also engages in sex at an earlier age as compared to their island counterparts. Children also demands more independence from agnate control (Shaefer, 2006, 239 Andersen & Collins, 1995, 255). IV. Cubans The Cubans first entered America as political refugees during the Cuban revolution in 1959. They are the most successful of all the Latinos since most of them are professionals and the US government assisted them (Schaefer, 2006, 247 Andersen & Collins, 1995, 229).The Cuban family is also patriarchal in nature and the concept of machismo is very much entrenched in their nature perhaps largely because they had been the last Latin nation to be liberated from Spanish control and their lives had been dominated by array struggles. The ingrained machismo concept had caused much regression and assimilation conflict in Cuban males in Americ a. Cubans in America are permitted to have sexual relations with American women as long as they do not forget to marry a Cuban girl.Men do not do household chores because it decreases their machismo. Women are regarded as subordinates although women are now asserting more authority in the Cuban American home as they entered the workforce. However, women still respect male superiority and ask for their approval when joining clubs or harming in social activities. The importance of extended families also diminished god parenting-role is lessened. Cuban Americans do not accept homosexuality and were repulsed by the fact that some men chose to discard their male power to act as women.However, unlike the Americans who regarded both persons of the same sex who engages in intercourse as homosexuals, the Cubans only regarded homosexual the person who assumes the position of a woman in intercourse (Schaefer, 2006, 250 Andersen & Collins, 1995, 229). Many Cubans however publicly proclaimed t hat they would like to return to Cuba someday when Castros government is overturned and so they desired not to be all too adaptive to American culture (Schaefer, 2006, 250). V. ConclusionThe Latino culture of family dependence through extended families, male superiority, women chastity and homosexual repugnance is being challenged in the American mainstream society. As they live in America, Latino family structure suffer changes in gender roles wherein women now asserts some form of authority , independence and sexual freedom. Parents and extended families also exert lesser power over the new generation. With regard to health issues, the Mexican illegal immigrants are at a disadvantage in accessing health care while the Puerto Ricans are at a higher risk for contracting AIDS and diabetes.References Andersen, Margaret and Patricia Collins. (1995). Race, Class and Gender, 2nd ed. Belmont Wadsworh publishing Company. Center for Disease Control. (2008). health Disparities Affecting Mi norities. Retrieved manifest 14, 2008 from http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/hispanicamericanhealth. html Driscoll, Anne K. , M. Antonia Biggs, Claire D. Brindis, and Ekua Yankah. 2001. Adolescent Latino Reproductive Health A Review of the Literature. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 23 (5) 255-326. Figueroa, Evelyn and Griffin Deborah.Understanding Cultural Influence On Health Behaviors of Latino Adolescent Parents. UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, 12(2006)pp. 1-4. Ramirez, Roberto O. and G. Patricia de la Cruz. (2003). The Hispanic Population in the United States March 2002. Population Characteristics. US Census Bureau. P20-545. Schaefer, Richard T. (2006). Racial and Ethnic Groups, tenth ed. New York Prentice-Hall. Spence, Naomi J. 2003. Transition to First informal Intercourse The Interaction between Immigrant Generational Status and Race/Ethnicity. Paper presented at the Southern sociological Society.

Case Study Barings

Summary One of the most infamous tales of financial death is that of Barings cant. Trader Nick Leeson was supposed to be exploiting low-risk arbitrage opportunities that would l ever soage price low rage differences in similar equity derivatives on the Singapore Money change over (Simex) and the Osaka exchange. In fact, he was taking more than riskier positions by buying and selling diverse amounts of the contracts on the two exchanges or buying and selling contracts of different types.Thanks to the lax attitude of senior management, Leeson was given control over both the transaction and back might functions. As Leesons losings mounted, he increased his bets. However, after an quake in Japan after caused the Nikkei mightiness to drop sharply, the losses increased rapidly, with Leesons positions going more than $1 billion into the red. This was too some(prenominal) for the swear to sustain in skirt of 1995, it was purchased by the Dutch b bank ING for retributive one pou nding sterling.Overview Barings Bank had a long history of success and was much respected as the UKs oldest d merchant bank. But in February of 1995, this highly regarded bank, with $900 zillion in capital, was bankrupted by $1 billion of unauthorised transaction losses. In 1993, Nick Leeson was appointed general manager of the banks Barings Futures subsidiary appointed in Singapore. In this capacity, he was able to conceal his unauthorised business activities for over a year because he managed both the employment and back stumbleice functions.The senior managers at a Barings came primarily from a merchant banking background and knew real little about trading. plain in the face of large cyberspace, which should have tipped management off to the fact that substantial risks were being taken, they continued to believe that Leeson held matched Leeson positions on the Singapore International fiscal Exchange (Simex) and the Osaka exchange, and hence was do a low-risk profit. low In fact, Leeson was trading derivatives contracts on the two exchanges that were, in both(prenominal) cases, of different types and, in some cases, in mismatched amounts.For example, Leeson rent executed a trading system known as a straddle, with the objective of making a profit by selling come out and call options on the same(p) vestigial financial instrument, in this case, the Nikkei th 225 Index. A straddle give generally produce positive earnings when market places are stable but can result in large losses if markets are volatile. Leeson created an error broadsheet numbered 88888 as a holding area for each premiums or losses that he do. Leeson shoots that he initially opened the account to conceal a wiz loss of e. 0,000 pounds sterling that had resulted from an accounting error until he could make up the difference through trading. However, he continued booking various losses into the account and also continued to increase his volume of trading and level of risk takin g. Leeson took unauthorized speculative positions primarily in earlys linked to the Nikkei 225 and Japanese government bonds (JGB) as well as options on the Nikkei. He hid his trading in an unused BSS error account, number 88888. precisely why Leeson was speculating is un clarify.He claims that he originally used the 88888 account to hide some embarrassing losses resulting from mistakes do by his traders. However, Leeson started actively trading in the 88888 account almost as soon as he arrived in Singapore. The sheer volume of his trading suggests a simple desire to speculate. He lost cash from the commencement exercise. Increasing his bets only made him lose more money. By the end of 1992, the 88888 account was under irrigate by about GBP 2 million. A year later, this had mushroomed to GBP 23 million.By the end of 1994, Leesons 88888 account had lost a total of GBP 208 million. Barings management remained blithely unaware. On February 23, 1995, Nick Leeson hopped on a plane to Kuala Lumpur leaving stern a GBP 827 million hole in the Barings balance sheet. As a trader, Leeson had extremely bad luck. By mid February 1995, he had accumulated an enormous positionhalf the open interest in the Nikkei future and 85% of the open interest in the JGB future. The market was aware of this and probably traded against him.Prior to 1995, however, he just made consistently bad bets. The fact that he was so unlucky shouldnt be too much of a surprise. If he hadnt been so misfortunate, we probably wouldnt have ever heard of him. Traders sometimes speculate without authorization. Presumably, a some are able to cover their tracks. Others are caught. When they are caught, they are fired, and their employer eats the loss. Usually, neither the trader nor his employer has whatever interest in publicizing the incident. Leeson made headlines precisely because he was so unlucky.By the time he was discovered, he had bankrupted his employer. Publicity was unavoidable. What is am azing about Leesons activities is the fact that he was able to accumulate such staggering losses without Barings management noticing. As Leeson lost money, he had to pay those losses to SIMEX in the form of margin. Leeson needed cash. By falsifying accounts and making various misrepresentations, he was able to secure funding from various companies within the Barings governing and from client accounts.His misrepresentations were flimsy at best. For example, he claimed that he needed funds to make margin payments on behalf of BSS clients, and he gave a technical argument related to how the SIMEX collected margin as justification. This claim was false. It was in reality against SIMEX rules for a broker to post its own money as margin for a client. Even if the claim were true, the funds would have been needed only temporarilyuntil the client could make payment. Instead, Leeson continued to ask for ever more funding.Leeson increased the size of his open positions even as his losses inc reased due to excitableness in the markets. When an earthquake in Japan caused a steep drop in the Nikkei 225 equity tycoon , however, Leesons unauthorised trading positions suffered huge losses and his operation unravel take. On March 3, 1995, the Dutch bank ING purchased Barings for 1 pound sterling, providing the final chapter in the story of the 223-year-old bank that had once helped the United States to finance the Louisiana purchase.The beginning of the end occurred on January 16, 1995, when Leeson placed a short straddle (an options trading strategy) in the Singapore and capital of Japan stock exchanges, essentially call that the Japanese stock market would not move significantly overnight. However, the Kobe earthquake hit early in the morning on January 17, sending Asian markets, and Leesons investments, into a tailspin. Leeson attempted to remunerate his losses by making a series of increasingly risky new investments, this time betting that the Nikkei Stock Average woul d make a rapid recovery.But the recovery failed to materialize, and he succeeded only in shaft a deeper hole. Realizing the gravity of the situation, Leeson left a note reading Im Sorry and fled. Losses eventually reached ?827 million ($1. 4 billion at then-prevailing exchange rates), then prevailing twice the banks available trading capital. This led to the banks collapse. After fleeing to Malaysia, Brunei and finally Germany, Leeson was arrested and extradited back to Singapore on March 2, 1995. While he had authorization for the January 16 short straddle, he was charged with raud for deceiving his superiors about the riskiness of his activities and the scale of his losses, although some observers (and Leeson himself) have place much of the placed blame on the banks own deficient internal auditing and risk management practices. Sentenced to six and a half years in jail in Singapore, he was released from prison in 1999, having been diagnosed with colon cancer, which he has survive d despite grim forecasts at the time. While in despite prison, in 1996, Leeson published an autobiography, Rogue Trader, detailing his acts.There may be a temptation to view this debacle as being caused by just one individual the rogue trader but in reality the fiasco should be attributed to the underlying structure of the firm, and particularly to the lack of internal checks and balances. Events 1993 Nick Leeson becomes general manager of Barings Futures (Singapore), running the banks Simex (Singapore International Monetary Exchange) activities. January 1994 By this date (at the latest), Leeson started selling put and call options on the Nikkei 225 equity index, placing the premiums earned into an error account number 88888.This strategy, known as a straddle, is essentially a bet on the stability of market prices. 24 February 1994 A memorandum from the Barings summation and liability committee values the 4 options portfolio at 2. 8 billion yen. July 1994 August 1994 James Bak er, an internal auditor, spends two weeks in Singapore investigating the immense mesh being made there. Baker identifies the weakness of internal controls and recommends that the general manager should no longer be responsible for the back office.In response, a separate financial manager in Hong Kong is given part parttime responsibility for watching over the back office. ng August 1994 In an attempt to better assess its overall risk, Barings sets up an integrated Group Treasury and Risk function, reporting to a new asset and liability committee (Alco). December 1994 A later Barings investigation reveals that, for unknown reasons, Leeson has run up an accrue loss amounting to Y7. 7 billion on the account by the end of 1994. 23 January 1995 The Nikkei 225 drops by gm points after an earthquake hits Japans industrial heartland. 6 January 1995 The London futures team gives Barings Alco Committee a presentation on the Baring Futures (Singapore) operation, which states that Leeson is operating a perfectly perfectl matched book long in Osaka, but short to the same amount on Simex. 8 February 1995 Coopers & Lybrand decides to hold off signing off on Barings accounts until it becomes possible to clear up a few points with Leeson. 23 February 1995 At close of trading, the error account contains 55,399 Nikkei contracts trading, expiring in March and 5640 expiring in June.As of February 25, this totalled a loss of 59 billion yen on Simex. 24 February 1995 The Barings Board meets to wrangle a hastily prepared analysis of the hastily-prepared transactions in Account 88888. March 1995 The Dutch Bank ING agrees to purchase Barings for 1 pound and assume all of its liabilities (Bull, 1995). Lessons to be Learned Lack of internal checks and balances Even when segregation of duties was suggested by internal audit, the concentration of power in the Leesons hands was scarcely diluted. Lack of discretion of the business.If Barings auditors and top management had understood the trading business, they would have realised that it was not possible for Leeson to be making the profits that he was reporting without taking on undue risk, and they might have questioned where the money was approach shot from. Arbitrage is supposed to be a low risk, and hence low profit, business, so Leesons large m. profits should have inspired alarm rather than praise. Given that arbitrage should be cash cashneutral or cash-rich, excess alarms should have gone off as the Bank wired hundreds of rich, millions of dollars to Singapore.Poor supervision of employees Although Leeson had never held a trading license prior to his arrival in Singapore, there was little oversight of his activities and no individual was at one time responsible for monitoring his trading strategies. Lack of a clear reporting line Leesons fraud may have been facilitated by the confusion caused by two reporting lines one to London, for proprietary trading, and another to capital of Japan for trading on be half of customers. customer Allikas http//www. erisk. com/Learning/CaseStudies/ref_case_barings. asp Kusimused1. Millist kauplemisstrateegiat Nick Leeson oma ulemustele teadaolevalt kasutas? Kuidas selle strateegiaga teoreetiliselt raha on voimalik teenida? 2. Millist kauplemisstrateegiat Nick Leeson tegelikult kasutas? Kuidas selle strateegiaga teoreetiliselt raha on voimalik teenida? 3. Mis on back-office funktsioonid? 4. Mis sundmus sai Barings pangale saatuslikuks? Mis selle tulemusel juhtus Leesoni positsioonidega? 5. Mis olid pohjused (mida tehti valesti), et kaesolev Baringsi case sai uldse juhtuda (5 pohjust)? 6. Milliseid eetilisi noudeid Nick Leeson oma tegutsemisega rikkus ning kuidas oleks tulnud korrektselt kaituda?