Energy Efficiency of a PRO Process

Energy Efficiency of a master ProcessIntroductionThe global zip demand is expeditiously increasing due to rapidly expanding population and their improved living standard. Although fogey fuels are mostly contributing to fulfilling this demand, the consumption has already exceeded the capacity of sustainable efficiency labor (Efraty, 2013)(Yip et al., 2011). It is often claimed that we have enough reserves of coal, gas, and oil while the real scenario is varied. Environment scientists reported that energy reserves are decreasing with time, which would be diminished within few decades (Figure 1). The lifetime of these reserves would be extended slightly if naked as a jaybird reservoirs can be identified. Discovering new wells is becoming harder day-by-day and if it is discovered, the amounts of fuels would be significantly lower than the ones that have been found in the past1.Figure 1 The trends of global fossil fuels reserves1The rising energy demand and limited reserves of foss il fuels have motivated to researchers for exploring alternatives sources of renewable energy. Researchers have already discovered various sources of energy while wind, solar, tidal and bio skunk have been used for sustainable energy production (Straub, Deshmukh, Elimelech, 2015). However, expensive equipment and high trigger cost coupled with the uneven distribution of energy throughout the year have prevented them from being used widely (Sharif, Merdaw, Aryafar, Nicoll, 2014). Recently, a newly emerging source of clean energy c in alled Osmotic force play has attracted much attention to the researcher, which derived from salt gradients found worldwide where two sources of wet with different salinities are available next to each other (Y. C. Kim Elimelech, 2013). The availability and assureability of osmotic baron are much greater than the intermittent renewables like wind and solar. common salt gradient is the difference in salt concentration between two solutions. The en ormous amount of energy released from the potpourri of two solutions of different salinities and this amount rises for high concentration difference between the solutions. Small-scale investigations have been done for the salmagundi of freshwater and brine, which reported that 2.6 MW energy produced for a flow of 1m3/s freshwater when entangled with seawater (Veerman, Saakes, Metz, Harmsen, 2009). Several technologies are being used to harvest osmotic federal agency such as countermand electrodialysis (RED) (Achilli Childress, 2010) (Yip Elimelech, 2012), pressure retarded osmosis ( professional) (Altaee Sharif, 2015)(Thorsen Holt, 2009)(Norman S., 2016), capacitive mixing (CAPMIX) (Reuters News Agency, n.d.), and hydrogel mixing (J. Kim, Jeong, Park, Shon, Kim, 2015). Among the technologies, RED and master are more advanced and demonstrated at pilot scale and both converts chemical effectiveness to effective work by the controlled mixing of two solutions of differen t salt concentration (Achilli Childress, 2010)(Yip Elimelech, 2014).RED is a membrane-based technology, which is driven by the Nernst potential, a manifestation of chemical potential difference. It uses a stack of altering ion exchange membranes that selectively allows ion permeation across the membranes. The net ion flux across the membranes is converted directly to electric current (Norman S., 2016)(Pattle, 1954). The transit is very efficient for power times but economically inefficient. The cost prices of available RED membrane is out of range, and recent investigations have showed that the price has to be reduced a hundred times to make the technology affordable (Post et al., 2010). The development of such type of membranes is very time consuming and difficult to master (Turek Bandura, 2007). Also, The operations of the RED process is complex and highly sensitive to the process parameters, which requires elaborate control carcass (Altaee Sharif, 2015).Alike reverse ele ctrodialysis, PRO is also a membrane-based technology, but the difference is, PRO uses a single salt-rejecting semipermeable membrane instead of a stack of ion-exchange membranes. It utilizes the salinity gradient as osmotic power difference to drive the water permeation across the membrane from low salinity feed solution to high salinity arrive at solution. The expanding tawdriness of draw solution flows through a hydro-turbine that generates useful mechanical and electrical works 1819. The design and operations of PRO are much simpler, and it does not depend besides much on operational parameters except operating pressure of membrane at draw solution side. The recent analysis shows that PRO can progress to both greater efficiencies and power densities than RED and other existing technologies 14.Most of the PRO studies have been focused on the mixing of seawater and freshwater, but this mixing scheme has been found to be unfeasible due to the lower power densities. Researchers agree that more study is necessary to pass judgment the feasibility of processes based on streams of higher salinity. One of such processes is the energy recovery from desalination units by taking advantages of the mixing of discharged brine and seawater. Another process is the mixing of seawater with high salinity produced water from oil and inbred gas exploration. However, the main problems of these process are concentraion polarization and salt leakage, which limit the PRO performance by reducing the driving force across the membrane. Before investigations to establish a viable PRO process for the large-scale operation, have focused on growth high-performance membrane and setting up suitable conditions to increase the energy yields.Several thermodynamic properties are necessary to set up appropriate conditions to assess the performance of PRO process. The first of them is the Gibbs free energy of mixing because it provides the upper limit to the shaft power that is possible t o recover from a mixing process, which occurs at constant temperature and pressure. Another property is osmotic pressure, which in necessary to establish operating pressure at different parts of the plant. Entropies and enthalpies are needed to prize the mechanical power of the rotary equipment involved. This work demonstrates a thermodynamic model to evaluate all of them in order to maximize the power recovery from PRO process. The Q-electrolattice equation of (EOS), which extends a lattice-based fluid model for electrolyte solutions, is adopted. The model also includes recently developed equations for PRO that considers concentration polarization reverse salt permeability, and membrane fouling to predict water and salt flux across the membrane.In addition, most PRO models are based on solutions of Na+ and Cl ions only, whereas, in practice, saline water contains other ions in addition to these two. This work reports simulations of PRO processes that consider the presence of quad ruple ions in solutions (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl- and SO42-). The existing model mostly uses different platforms to wait osmotic power, power density, and flux across the membrane (e.g. OLI-software is used to calculate osmotic power and another program for flux and power density), that increase the speculation of getting erroneous value because all these are inter-dependent. On the other hand, this model constantly and accurately determines all of them by a single program. sign investigations have been done for freshwater+sewater and seawater+brine systems with single-stage PRO configuration. The predicted osmotic pressure, water flux across the membrane and recoveries of mechanical power are in very good agreement with experimental literature data. This set of results suggests that the Q-electrolattice EOS is a suitable model for the calculation of thermodynamic properties needed to assess the performance of PRO plants. Now, it is planning this model for very high salinity solut ions with multiple stage configurations. A techno-economic analysis will be done for the feasibility study of PRO process devouring at industrial scale.Aim and Objectives The aim of this work is to develop a thermoynamic model based on Q-electrolattice equation of state for PRO process, and implement it to predict different thermodynamic properties in order to caltulate water and salt flux across the membrane and power densities. The various objectives associated with this aim are delineated belowImplement Q-electrolattice equation of state for the solutions of multiple salts to calculate osmotic power and verify the results with literature experimental data.Implement recently developed mass and salt flux equations, which considered concentration polarization, reverse salt flux and fouling of membrane.Implement basic thermodynamic relations for PRO units to determine entropies and enethalpies accurately.Develop the model for freshwater-seawater system with single stage configurati on and extended it for higher salinity system with multiple stage configuration.Implement the cost equations to determine the capital cost for installation of the PRO units.Literature ReviewQ-elctrolattice equation of stateThe elctrolattice equation of state (EOS) was developed using the same methodology presented by Myers et al. (Myers, Sandler, Wood, 2002), based on the Helmholtz energy approach. The residual Helmholtz energy at a given temperature and volume is calculated by the addition various contributions along a hypothetical path. These contributions consist of ion-solvent and solvent-solvent interaction over the short range, solvation effects, and ion-ion interactions over the long range.The total process is divided into four steps along a thermodynamic path( a. Zuber et al., 2013)Step-1 It is assumed that a name mixture consisting of charged ions and molecules is in a hypothetical ideal gas state at temperature T and volume V. In the first step, the charges on all ions are removed. The change in Helmholtz energy is accounted by the innate(p) equation for ions in a vacuum, Step-2 The short-range attractive dispersion and repulsive forces due to excluded volume are turned on. Also, self-association of solvent molecules can occur. The MTC EOS is used to calculate the change in Helmholtz energy for this step,.Step-3 The ions are recharged. The change in Helmholtz energy is accounted for by the Born equation for ions in a dielectric solvent, Step-4 The long-range interactions among the ions in solution are taken into account using the Mean Spherical Approximation (MSA), and the corresponding change in the molar Helmholtz free energy is denoted by .The residual Helmholtz energy for forming an electrolyte solution is thus given bywhereinSo,To model electrostatic interactions, a single salt electrolyte solution is divided into five regions three for solvent (D, , and ), one for cation (C) and one for anion (A).To determine the MTC Helmholtz energy change , the model uses seven parameters to represent pure solvents. The model assumes that the region-region interaction (except for -) are dispersion interactions, which are temperature dependent. In addition, it also assumed that the short-range interactions between the and region are zero. This is summarized belowIn addition, atomic number 1 bonding interactions are taken to be temperature independent.It is assumed that the interaction between the solvent and each charged species is equal short-range interaction between reverse gear ions and same charge are neglected altogether. This is summarized belowThe Q-electrolattice equation of state is an extended version of the EOS in which an explicit MSA term is used which allows for unequal dome diameters (which are ultimately regressed using experimental data).PRO principlesBasic TheoryReferenceAchilli, A., Childress, A. E. (2010). pull retarded osmosis From the vision of Sidney Loeb to the first mental image installation Review. Desalination, 261(3), 205-211. https//doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.06.017Altaee, A., Sharif, A. (2015). obligate retarded osmosis advancement in the process applications for power generation and desalination. In Desalination (Vol. 356, pp. 31-46). Elsevier B.V. https//doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.09.028Efraty, A. (2013). Pressure retarded osmosis in closed traffic circle a new technology for clean power generation without need of energy recovery. Desalination and pee Treatment, 51(40-42), 7420-7430. https//doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.793499Kim, J., Jeong, K., Park, M. J., Shon, H. K., Kim, J. H. (2015). Recent advances in osmotic energy generation via pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) A review. Energies, 8(10), 11821-11845. https//doi.org/10.3390/en81011821Kim, Y. C., Elimelech, M. (2013). potency of osmotic power generation by pressure retarded osmosis using seawater as feed solution Analysis and experiments. journal of Membrane light, 429, 330-337. https//doi.org/10.1016/ j.memsci.2012.11.039Myers, J. a., Sandler, S. I., Wood, R. H. (2002). An equality of State for Electrolyte Solutions Covering Wide Ranges of Temperature, Pressure, and Composition. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research, 41(13), 3282-3297. https//doi.org/10.1021/ie011016gNorman, S. L., S., R. (2016). Osmotic Power Plants Author ( s ) Sidney Loeb and Richard S . Norman. Science, 189(4203), 654-655.Pattle, R. E. (1954). Production of galvanic Power by mixing Fresh and Salt Water in the Hydroelectric Pile. Nature.Post, J. W., Goeting, C. H., Valk, J., Goinga, S., Veerman, J., Hamelers, H. V. M., Hack, P. J. F. M. (2010). Towards implementation of reverse electrodialysis for power generation from salinity gradients. Desalination and Water Treatment, 16(1-3), 182-193. https//doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2010.1093Reuters News Agency. (n.d.). Norway Opens Worlds scratch Osmotic Power Plant. Retrieved January 17, 2013, from http//www.reuters.com/article/2009/11/24/us-nor way-osmotic-idUSTR E5A-N20Q20091124Sharif, A., Merdaw, A., Aryafar, M., Nicoll, P. (2014). Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of the Potential of Osmotic Energy for Power Production. In Membranes (Vol. 4, pp. 447-468). https//doi.org/10.3390/membranes4030447Straub, A. P., Deshmukh, A., Elimelech, M. (2015). Pressure-retarded osmosis for power generation from salinity gradients is it viable? Energy Environ. Sci. https//doi.org/10.1039/C5EE02985FThorsen, T., Holt, T. (2009). The potential for power production from salinity gradients by pressure retarded osmosis, 335, 103-110. https//doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.03.003Turek, M., Bandura, B. (2007). Renewable energy by reverse electrodialysis. Desalination, 205(1-3), 67-74. https//doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.04.041Veerman, J., Saakes, M., Metz, S. J., Harmsen, G. J. (2009). rear(a) electrodialysis mathematical process of a stack with 50 cells on the mixing of sea and river water. Journal of Membrane Science, 327(1-2), 136-144. https//doi .org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.11.015Yip, N. Y., Elimelech, M. (2012). Thermodynamic and energy efficiency analysis of power generation from natural salinity gradients by pressure retarded osmosis. Environmental Science and Technology, 46(9), 5230-5239. https//doi.org/10.1021/es300060mYip, N. Y., Elimelech, M. (2014). Comparison of Energy Efficiency and Power Density in Pressure Retarded Osmosis and Reverse Electrodialysis (7th Editio).Yip, N. Y., Tiraferri, A., Phillip, W. A., Schiffman, J. D., Hoover, L. A., Kim, Y. C., Elimelech, M. (2011). Thin-film composite pressure retarded osmosis membranes for sustainable power generation from salinity gradients_. Environmental Science and Technology, 45(10), 4360-4369. https//doi.org/10.1021/es104325zZuber, A., Figueiredo, R., Castier, M. (2014). Fluid Phase Equilibria Thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions of single and multiple salts using the Q-electrolattice equation of state. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 362, 268-280.Zuber, a., Che coni, R. F., Mathew, R., Santos, J. P. L., Tavares, F. W., Castier, M. (2013). Thermodynamic Properties of 11 Salt Aqueous Solutions with the Electrolattice Equation of State. Oil Gas Science and Technology critical review dIFP Energies Nouvelles, 68(2), 255-270. https//doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2012088This work focuses on developing a thermodynamic model to analyse the energy efficiency of a PRO process in order to maximize the power recovery. It uses Q-electrolattice equation of state (developed for mixtures with mixed electrolytes) that can accurately determine various thermodynamics properties such as vapor pressure, osmotic coefficient, osmotic pressure, entropy and henry at different conditions of concentration temperature and pressure (A. Zuber, Figueiredo, Castier, 2014). The model is implemented to XSEOS excel tool to calculate these thermodynamic properties. Moreover, it does not have any limitations to calculate osmotic pressure and other properties for very high concent raion solution containing multiple salts at extreme high temperation and pressure conditions.Achilli, A., Childress, A. E. (2010). Pressure retarded osmosis From the vision of Sidney Loeb to the first prototype installation Review. Desalination, 261(3), 205-211. https//doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.06.017Altaee, A., Sharif, A. (2015). Pressure retarded osmosis advancement in the process applications for power generation and desalination. In Desalination (Vol. 356, pp. 31-46). Elsevier B.V. https//doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.09.028Efraty, A. (2013). Pressure retarded osmosis in closed circuit a new technology for clean power generation without need of energy recovery. Desalination and Water Treatment, 51(40-42), 7420-7430. https//doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.793499Kim, J., Jeong, K., Park, M. J., Shon, H. K., Kim, J. H. (2015). Recent advances in osmotic energy generation via pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) A review. Energies, 8(10), 11821-11845. https//doi.org/10.3390/en8101182 1Kim, Y. C., Elimelech, M. (2013). Potential of osmotic power generation by pressure retarded osmosis using seawater as feed solution Analysis and experiments. Journal of Membrane Science, 429, 330-337. https//doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2012.11.039Myers, J. a., Sandler, S. I., Wood, R. H. (2002). An Equation of State for Electrolyte Solutions Covering Wide Ranges of Temperature, Pressure, and Composition. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research, 41(13), 3282-3297. https//doi.org/10.1021/ie011016gNorman, S. L., S., R. (2016). Osmotic Power Plants Author ( s ) Sidney Loeb and Richard S . Norman. Science, 189(4203), 654-655.Pattle, R. E. (1954). Production of Electric Power by mixing Fresh and Salt Water in the Hydroelectric Pile. Nature.Post, J. W., Goeting, C. H., Valk, J., Goinga, S., Veerman, J., Hamelers, H. V. M., Hack, P. J. F. M. (2010). Towards implementation of reverse electrodialysis for power generation from salinity gradients. Desalination and Water Treatment, 16(1-3) , 182-193. https//doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2010.1093Reuters News Agency. (n.d.). Norway Opens Worlds First Osmotic Power Plant. Retrieved January 17, 2013, from http//www.reuters.com/article/2009/11/24/us-nor way-osmotic-idUSTRE5A-N20Q20091124Sharif, A., Merdaw, A., Aryafar, M., Nicoll, P. (2014). Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of the Potential of Osmotic Energy for Power Production. In Membranes (Vol. 4, pp. 447-468). https//doi.org/10.3390/membranes4030447Straub, A. P., Deshmukh, A., Elimelech, M. (2015). Pressure-retarded osmosis for power generation from salinity gradients is it viable? Energy Environ. Sci. https//doi.org/10.1039/C5EE02985FThorsen, T., Holt, T. (2009). The potential for power production from salinity gradients by pressure retarded osmosis, 335, 103-110. https//doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.03.003Turek, M., Bandura, B. (2007). Renewable energy by reverse electrodialysis. Desalination, 205(1-3), 67-74. https//doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.04.041Veerman, J., Saakes, M., Metz, S. J., Harmsen, G. J. (2009). Reverse electrodialysis Performance of a stack with 50 cells on the mixing of sea and river water. Journal of Membrane Science, 327(1-2), 136-144. https//doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.11.015Yip, N. Y., Elimelech, M. (2012). Thermodynamic and energy efficiency analysis of power generation from natural salinity gradients by pressure retarded osmosis. Environmental Science and Technology, 46(9), 5230-5239. https//doi.org/10.1021/es300060mYip, N. Y., Elimelech, M. (2014). Comparison of Energy Efficiency and Power Density in Pressure Retarded Osmosis and Reverse Electrodialysis (7th Editio).Yip, N. Y., Tiraferri, A., Phillip, W. A., Schiffman, J. D., Hoover, L. A., Kim, Y. C., Elimelech, M. (2011). Thin-film composite pressure retarded osmosis membranes for sustainable power generation from salinity gradients_. Environmental Science and Technology, 45(10), 4360-4369. https//doi.org/10.1021/es104325zZuber, A., Figueiredo, R., Casti er, M. (2014). Fluid Phase Equilibria Thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions of single and multiple salts using the Q-electrolattice equation of state. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 362, 268-280.Zuber, a., Checoni, R. F., Mathew, R., Santos, J. P. L., Tavares, F. W., Castier, M. (2013). Thermodynamic Properties of 11 Salt Aqueous Solutions with the Electrolattice Equation of State. Oil Gas Science and Technology Revue dIFP Energies Nouvelles, 68(2), 255-270. https//doi.org/10.2516/ogst/20120881 All fossil fuel reserve and consumption data from CIA World Factbook

Clinico-histopathological Spectrum of Cutaneous Vasculitis

Clinico-histopathological Spectrum of cutaneal VasculitisArticle Type OriginalTitle Clinico-histopathological Spectrum of cuticular Vasculitis A Retrospective Study of 62 casesRunning Title A Clinico-pathological account of Cutaneous vasculitisAuthors Nadia Shirazi*, Rashmi Jindal, Neha Tyagi*, Samarjit Roy, Meena Harsh,* Sohaib AhmadAffiliation Department of *Pathology, Dermatology and Internal Medicine, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences. SRH University. Jolly Grant. Dehradun. Uttarakhand. IndiaCorresponding Author Dr. Nadia ShiraziABSTRACTContext Cutaneous Vasculitis is the inflammation of watercraft walls which leads to hemorrhagic or ischemic events. The histopathological classification of dermal vasculitis depends on the vas surface and the dominant immune cell mediating the inflammation.Object We studied the etiological factors and clinico-pathological spectrum of patients with epidermal vasculitis at a tertiary referral centre of magnetic unification India.Desi gn genuflect biopsies of all patients with clinically suspected dermic vasculitis accedeing over 5 years , mingled with 2009-2014 were reviewed. Cutaneous vasculitis was classified on the basis of etiology (primary or secondary), on the basis of surface of vessel wall as well as on the dominant inflammatory cell infiltrating the vessels.Results Over 5 years, 62 / 103 patients evaluated for vasculitic syndromes had histologically proven vasculitis. clinically, vasculitis was primary (77.4%) or secondary (22.5%) to drugs, infections, underlying connective tissue diseases and malignancy. Neutrophilic (n=30), lymphocytic (n=18), eosinophilic (n=10), and granulomatous (n=4) vasculitis were the major histopathological groups. Small vessel involvement was seen in 97% cases.Conclusion Skin biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosing cutaneous vasculitis. Small vessel vasculitis is the most common type of cutaneous vasculitis with the dominant cell type being neutrophilic. Eosinoph ilic infiltrate was exclusively associated with primary vasculitis.Keywords Cutaneous vasculitis, Small vessel vasculitis, Skin biopsyINTRODUCTIONCutaneous vasculitis (CV) is an inflammatory process of the vessels leading to the destruction of their wall with subsequent hemorrhagic features with or without ischemic necrosis.1 The relative incidence of cutaneous vasculitis ranges from 15.4 to 29.7 cases per million per year.2,3 The condition usually affects adults with a slight female predominance, however, all long times may be afflicted. CV is classified histo-morphologically on the basis of size of vessel affected (small or medium vessel vasculitis) and on the basis of the dominant cell mediating inflammation- neutrophilic/leukocytoclastic, lymphocytic, eosinophilic and granulomatous. On the basis of etiology, they are classified as primary/idiopathic or secondary to an underlying cause standardized drug induced, connective tissue disorders, infections, malignancy, etc.Vasculit is in a medium or large vessel is defined as presence of inflammatory cells within their walls, whereas in small vessels diapedesis of unhomogeneous leukocytes often take place and this criteria alone is non significant. It must be associated with signs of vessel damage, such as fibrin within the walls, thrombi or endothelial necrosis. Veins are involved more commonly than arterioles. clinically, CV can present with a variety of signs and symptoms like urticaria, palpable purpura, ulcers, maculopapular rash, nodules, hemorrhagic vesicles, etc. It can be limited to skin or manifest in other organs like kidney, lungs and heart. Due to this myriad of presentations, CV can pantomime a variety of other dermatological and systemic diseases. Skin biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis of cutaneous vasculitis complemented by clinical data and relevant haematological and immunological investigations. In this article, we will be presenting the histopathological spectrum of cutaneou s vasculitis at a angiotensin converting enzyme centre of north India.MATERIALS AND METHODSAll patients with clinical suspicion of cutaneous vasculitis attending the dermatology OPD between August 2009 and July 2014 at a single tertiary referral centre of north India were included. An informed consent was taken wherever possible in writing. Approval was obtained from the institutes research committee for compiling the data from the hospital records. A punch biopsy, 4mm in depth was taken from the edge of the lesion. Though efforts were made to collect most of the biopsies within 48 hours of appearance of the suspected vasculitic lesion, a a few(prenominal) patients presented as late as 1 -2 weeks. These biopsies were routinely processed and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (HE). Serial sections were taken in which no vasculitis was identified on initial section. Elastic tissue staining to assess the damage to the elastic lamina in muscular vessels was also performed. Simultaneo usly, a hemogram, ESR, kidney and liver functions, rheumatoid factor and immunological tests like ANA and ANCA were also carried out for assessment. Direct immunoflourescence (DIF) could not be undertaken in any case due to poor patient affordability and overlook of infrastructure. Patients with thrombocytopenia (RESULTSOver 5 years a total of 480 skin biopsies were studied out of which 103 cases were performed in those with clinically suspected vasculitis. However, 62 out of these 103 cases were histologically confirmed to have vasculitis the be had unremarkable and non-specific histologic features. Those with positive histological features had a mean age of 44.5 years range 6-83 years with the male to female ratio of 1.11. The maximum number of patients (n=15) were seen in the age group 31-40 years followed by those in the second decade. Clinically vasculitis was primary (n=48, 77.4%) or secondary (n=14 22.5%). (Table I)History of drug intake and presence of new-made upper resp iratory tract infection was seen in 7 and 3 patients respectively. The commonest offending drugs were antibiotics of -lactam group and analgesics followed by anti-histaminics. Connective tissue disorders (n=3) and malignancy (n=1) were also arrange to be the cause of secondary vasculitis. Clinically palpable purpura was the most common finding followed by maculopapular rash.( framing I). Three-quarters of granulomatous vasculitis presented clinically with symptoms of allergic granulomatosis 25% (n=4/17) of leukocytoclastic vasculitis presented clinically with features of microscopic polyangiitis. Among the haematological parameters, a raised ESR was the most consistent finding. (Tables II III).Most of these were small vessel (venules and arterioles) vasculitis (n=60, 97%). Only 2 cases showed medium vessel vasculitis particularly associated with panniculitis. Depending upon the dominant cell mediating inflammation, the dominant cell type was neutrophilic (n=30), lymphocytic (n=18) , eosinophilic (n=10), and granulomatous (n=4). Histopathological military rating in neutrophilic vasculitis showed transmural percolation of vessel wall with neutrophils (Figure II). Fibrinoid necrosis, neutrophilic debris with or without extravasated red cells were features of leucocytoclastic vasculitis. Lymphocytic vasculitis is shown in Figure III. Epithelioid granulomas were seen surrounding and destroying the vessel wall in granulomatous vasculitis with transmural vessel wall infiltration by lymphocytes and polymorphs (Figure IV). Medium vessel vasculitis showed infiltration by neutrophils in vessel wall which was associated with septal panniculitis. (Figure V).Six of the 10 cases with urticarial vasculitis had an eosinophilic infiltrate the remaining showed lymphocytes predominantly. Clinically most cases (n=8 47%) of idiopathic vasculitis were of neutrophilic type. medicine reaction was the commonest cause of secondary vasculitis (n=7) and most of these (n=4, 57%) showed l ymphocytic infiltrate (Table IV).DISCUSSIONCutaneous vasculitis presents as a mosaic of clinical and histological findings due to varied pathogenic mechanisms.3 Even in the presence of suggestive dermatological lesions, biopsy showed histological features in around 60% cases. We observed primary vasculitic syndromes leading to cutaneous histologic changes in 77% of all cases. Joint pain and swelling was the main presenting feature, palpable purpura and maculopapular rash were the predominant clinical cutaneous markers and raised ESR was a consistent feature. Mostly small vessels were affected and neutrophils predominated in infiltrates. However, there was a unanimous overlap in the calibre of the vessel, the cellular infiltrate and the clinical diagnosis.Our observations corroborate with the case series of Carlson et al in terms of the dominance of primary vasculitis and lack of organ involvement.3 Raised ESR was also observed by Ekenstam et al and Gupta et al.4, 5 Arthralgia was the commonest systemic manifestation also observed by Gupta et al. 5 uneasy and renal involvement was seen in 15 (24.1%) and 18 (29%) patients respectively in our series. Earlier studies showed visceral involvement is seen in 6, 7, 8 Fatal disease occurs in a minority (3, 8Different therapeutic approaches are the main reason for sub-classifying vasculitis. Avoidance or treatment of the causative factor may redress or limit the activity of secondary vasculitis whereas immunosuppressive therapy is the treatment of choice for primary vasculitis. Given this broad range of presentations of cutaneous vasculitis and the numerous disorders that can mimic vasculitis, it is not surprising that it is difficult to correctly and confidently classify these patients. 9 Currently the most widely adopted vasculitis classification system is that of Chapel agglomerate Consensus Conference (CHCC) which is based on pathologic criteria . 10 The other widely used system is that of the American College of genus Rheumatology (ACR) which is based on clinical findings. 11-18 As yet, no ideal system of classification exists for vasculitis. 3, 19, 20The most accepted classification is one which distinguishes between primary and secondary vasculitis, recognizes the dominant blood vessel size involved as well as incorporates patho-physiological markers such as top immune-fluorescence (DIF) and ANCA.21,22 Therefore the classification of cutaneous vasculitis into specific syndromes is best first approached morphologically by determining vessel size and principal inflammatory response. 3This is the first case series classifying cutaneous vasculitis based on the vessel calibre and histo-morphologic features from the north Indian state of Uttarakhand. Though, the referral centre caters to a million people, this data cannot be extrapolated to the general population as the people are treated in the interference fringe by practitioners, the data of which is non-existent. A major limitation of our study was the non-availability of direct immunofluorescence which is considered very important for delineating the immunoglubulin type. Nevertheless, since this facility is not available in most of the Indian subcontinent and there is a lack of expertise in the field of dermatopathology, our data merits attention.CONCLUSIONVasculitis occurs as a primary disorder or secondary to various medical conditions, the treatment differing accordingly. The severity may range from a self-limited condition to a life threatening disorder with multiple organ failure. Skin biopsy is an important tool in arriving at a definitive diagnosis duly complemented by clinical features, pertinent laboratory data, serological evaluation, ANCA with or without direct immunofluorescence.REFERENCES1. Carlson JA, Cavaliere LE, Grant-Kels JM. Cutaneous Vasculitis diagnosis and management. Clin Dermatol 2006 24 414-29.2. Chen KR, Carlson JA. Clinical approach to cutaneous vasculitis. Am. J Clin Dermatol 2008 9 7 1-92.3. Carlson JA, Ng BT, Chen KR. Cutaneous vasculitis update diagnostic criteria, classification, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, evaluation and prognosis. Am J Dermatopathol 2005 27 (6) 504-28.4. Ekenstam E, Callen JP. Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis-clinical and laboratory features of 82 patients seen in private practice. Arch Dermatol 1984120 484-95. Gupta S, Handa S, Kanwar AJ, Radotra BD, Minz RW. Cutaneous Vasculitides Clinico-pathological correlation. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 200975356-626. Fiorentino DF. Cutaneous Vasculitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003 48(3) 311-407. Carlson JA, Chen KR. Cutaneous vasculitis update small vessel neutrophilic vasculitis syndromes. Am J Dermatopathol 2006 28(6) 486-5068. Tai YJ, Chang AH, Williams RA et al. Retrospective analysis of adult patients with cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Australas J Dermatol 2006 47(2) 92-69. Carlson JA, Chen KR. Cutaneous pseudovasculitis. Am J Dermatopathol 2007 29(1) 44-55.10. Jennett e JC, Falk RJ, Andrassy K et al. Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides proposal of an international consensus conference. Arthritis Rheum 1990 33 (8) 1135-6.11. Fries JF, Hunder GG, Bloch DA et al. The American college of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of vasculitis Summary. Arthritis Rheum 1990, 33(8)1135-6.12. Leavitt Ry, Fauci AS, Bloch DA et al. The American college of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of wegeners granulomatosis.199033(8)1101-713. Masi AT, Hunder GG, Lie JT, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Churg-Strauss Syndrome (allergic granulomatosis and angitis). Arthritis Rheum 1990 33(8) 1094-10014. Hunder GG, Bloch DA, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 1990 33(8) 1122-815. Mills JA, Michel BA, Bloch DA et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Henoch-Schonlei n purpura. Arthritis Rheum 1990 33(8) 1114-21.16. Calabrese LH, Michel BA, Bloch DA et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of hypersensitivity vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 1990 33(8) 1108-13.17. Lightfoot Jr RW, Michel BA, Bloch DA et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of polyarteritis nodosa. Arthritis Rheum 1990 33(8) 1088-93.18. Arend WP, Michel BA, Bloch DA et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Takayasu arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 1990 33(8) 1129-34.19. Callen JP. Cutaneous vasculitis what have we learned in the past 20 years? Arch Dermatol 1998134(3)355-720. Jennette JC, Falk RJ. Do vasculitis categorization systems really matter? Curr Rheumatol repp 2000 2(5) 430-821. Sunderkotter C, Sindritaru A. Clinical classification of vasculitis. Eur J Dermatol 2006 16(2)114-24.22. Watts RA, Scott DG. Classification and epidemiology of the vasculitides. Baillie res Clin Rheumatol 1997 11 (2) 191-217Table I. Causes of vasculitis in our study (n=62)CausesNumber (%)HistomorphologyPrimary48 (77.4)Neutrophilic (n=22)Lymphocytic (n=13)Eosinophilic (n=10)Granulomatous (n=3) substitute(prenominal)14 (22.5)Drugs7 (50)Neutrophilic (n=3)Lymphocytic (n=3)Eosinophilic (n=1)Infections3 (21.4)Neutrophilic (n=2)Granulomatous (n=1)Connective tissue disorders3 (21.4)Lymphocytic (n=3)Malignancy1 (7.1)Neutrophilic (n=1)Table II Clinical features of cases with histologically proven vasculitisClinical featureNumber (%)Arthralgia/ arthritis45 (72.5)Palpable purpura34 (54.8)Maculopapular rash18 (29.0)Fever15 (24.1) nettle rash12 (19.3)Nodule4 (6.4)Papule4 (6.4)Ulcer2 (3.2)Haematuria1 (1.6)Table III Laboratory parameters of patients of patients with histologically proven vasculitisParameterPositive nixNot doneAnemia123020Raised ESR5012Leukocytosis with neutrophilia113120Eosinophilia43820Thrombocytopenia84212Kidney function tests458ANA122228Anti-ds DNA62828ANCA1646 CRP122624Anti HCV557ASO titre81539Table IV necktie of histomorphological diagnosis with clinical impressionHISTOPATHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSISCLINICAL DIAGNOSISPrimary Small Vessel Vasculitis (n=48)Neutrophilic / Leukocytoclastic (n=22)Vasculitis(n=8)Pustular dermatosis (n=5)Microscopic polyangiitis (n=4)Rheumatoid vasculitis (n=2)Hypersensitivity vasculitis (n=1)Erythema Elevatun Diutinum (n=1)Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (n=1)Lymphocytic (n=13)Chronic Urticaria (n=4)Perniosis (n=3)Pityriasis Lichenoides (n=2)Atrophie Blanche (n=2)Erythema Annulare Centrifugum (n=1)Polymorphous Light Eruptions (n=1)Eosinophilic (n=10)Urticarial vasculitis (n=6)Prurigo nodularis (n=2)Hypersensitivity vasculitis (n=1)Granuloma faciale (n=1)Granulomatous (n=3)Allergic granulomatosis (n=2)Churg-Strauss Syndrome (n=1)Secondary Small Vessel Vasculitis (n= 12)Neutrophilic (n=6)Drug reaction (n=3)Behcets disease (n=1)Sweets syndrome (n=1)Acute neutrophilic dermatosis (n=1)Lymphocytic (n=5)Drug reaction (n=4)Discoid l upus erythematosis (n=1)Granulomatous (n=1)Wegeners granulomatosis (n=1)Medium vessel vasculitis (n=2)Neutrophilic (n=2)Polyarteritis Nodosa (n=2)LEGENDSFigure I Palpable purpuraFigure II H E (20x10X) Neutrophilic vasculitisFigure III HE (10x10X) Lymphocytic vasculitisFigure IV HE (20x 10X) Granulomatous vasculitisFigure V HE (20x10X) Medium vessel vasculitis with panniculitis

Jeffersons Effects of Slavery :: essays research papers

Effects of bondageThere are party concepts which are deemed important to this class. later much consideration, I chose to focus on the effectuate of slavery. In Query XVIII, Thomas Jefferson discusses the effects of slavery. It is important to put ones self in the place of Jefferson at the time of observations. Jefferson illustrates the effects that slavery has on the owner as well as the slave.Jefferson redefines slavery in his query. The whole commerce amidst master and slave is a perpetual cause of the most boisterous passions, the most unremitting despotism on the one part, and degrading submissions on the other. (495) He illustrates how witnessing the afore mentioned actions negatively affects children. Our children see this, and learn to imitate it for man is an imitative animal. (495) Jefferson is under the impression that slavery leads to bad manners to say the least. The children volition see this and conceptualize that that is how you treat a slave the process wil l never stop. Jefferson does not think that we, as humans, have the power to remain moral after having witnessed such(prenominal) abuse. The man must be a prognostication who can retain his manners and morals undepraved by such circumstances. (495,496) Jefferson goes on to say that the people who free this treatment of one half of the citizens to trample on the other half are responsible for the moral decline of the nation. These horrific actions will create enemies and stamp out the amor patriae of people. Jefferson tries to demonstrate the effects that slavery has on the slaves themselves. It is obvious that he is not sure if the slaves are actual people that go to heaven but I do not think he is willing to risk that they are not in the eyes of God. For if a slave can have a country in this world, it must be whatsoever other in preference to that in which he is born to live and labour for another.Jeffersons Effects of Slavery essays research papers Effects of SlaveryThere are many concepts which are deemed important to this class. After much consideration, I chose to focus on the effects of slavery. In Query XVIII, Thomas Jefferson discusses the effects of slavery. It is important to put ones self in the place of Jefferson at the time of observations. Jefferson illustrates the effects that slavery has on the owner as well as the slave.Jefferson redefines slavery in his query. The whole commerce between master and slave is a perpetual exercise of the most boisterous passions, the most unremitting despotism on the one part, and degrading submissions on the other. (495) He illustrates how witnessing the afore mentioned actions negatively affects children. Our children see this, and learn to imitate it for man is an imitative animal. (495) Jefferson is under the impression that slavery leads to bad manners to say the least. The children will see this and think that that is how you treat a slave the process will never stop. Jefferson does not think that we, as humans, have the power to remain moral after having witnessed such abuse. The man must be a prodigy who can retain his manners and morals undepraved by such circumstances. (495,496) Jefferson goes on to say that the people who allow this treatment of one half of the citizens to trample on the other half are responsible for the moral decline of the nation. These horrific actions will create enemies and destroy the amor patriae of people. Jefferson tries to demonstrate the effects that slavery has on the slaves themselves. It is apparent that he is not sure if the slaves are actual people that go to heaven but I do not think he is willing to risk that they are not in the eyes of God. For if a slave can have a country in this world, it must be any other in preference to that in which he is born to live and labour for another.

Paranoid Personality Disorders Essay -- essays research papers

Paranoid nature Disorders     Paranoid Personality Disorder is a disorder commonly mistaken for insane personality disorders. Schizophrenia, a psychosis, is when aperson is has an image of a world and its transpiring events, and he/she is"living" it. Paranoid Personality Disorder, however, is a neurosis where an soulfulness is living in the real world. This disorder, though not asdebilitating as other disorders, sess still devastate a someones look.     Individuals with this Paranoid Personality Disorder always assume thatother people are "out to get them" even if at that place is no evidence that this istrue. They are constantly quizzical others around them and scrutinizing everyaction. This attitude is taken on towards all people, like friends orassociates, not only strangers. For these reasons, people with this personalitydisorder rarely let on in people and are actually amazed if someone shows obedience. However, this amazement also gives way to disbelief and falls backtowards the idea that this newfound loyalty is part of a plot to cause harm.     Those of with the disorder also tend to bear their grudges and unwillingto forgive. They nurture their grudges and anger, which over time, gives themmore of a sense that it is the distant world which the problem, not themselves.At times, these individuals may also conjure up flamboyant illusions to confirmtheir behavior toward others.     These feelings are also carried out towards family as well. one examplecould be as if a person with this personality disorder had a spouse or sexualpartner, this individual constantly thinks that their partner or spouse ischeating on them. Often, the spouse or partner is barraged with questionsquestioning their whereabouts, faithfulness, or intentions.     It is believed that these symptoms first appear usually during childhoodor adolescence. Those believe d to be to the highest degree prone are "loners," those who areunable to maintain stable relationships with others, social anxiety, sometimesunderachieve in school, are hypersensitive, have strange thoughts and language,and (as stated before) fantasies. To " rule" people, individuals with thisparanoid personality disorder may seem out of place and ... ...nalityDisorder, there treatments performed in an attempt to reduce the extremity ofthe disorder. One method that can be used is reinforcement of adaptivebehaviors. Such as congratulations, or some sort of prize or comment to upliftthe persons morale hopefully change their thoughts about others. Anotherpossible treatment is psychotherapy or psychoanaylsis. The significance thesetwo are that the therapists are able to give the patient a chance to realizetheir self-defeating behavior or break patterns that lead to unhappiness. Bytalking to the individual with the disorder, the therapist may gain enough leaveto help r educe the paranoia. However, if the therapist breaks the trust, hopesof recovery may be extremely slim, for it would only give support to theparanoia the patient already has.     Hopefully, in the near future, there will be another form of treatmentthat can cure, or at least come close to curing the Paranoid PersonalityDisorder. The best(p) hope of this lies in scientific research upon the brain andthe chemicals which control emotions and actions. In doing so, many people whosuffer from this disorder may lead a life without paranoia.

West Side Story Essay -- essays research papers

West place StoryIn this musical, it uses several types of narratives, for standard, after the fight between the Jets and Puerto Ricans, after the police leave, they enter the ally and the girl is begging to join the gang saying how much she wants to fight is a part of narrative sex activity (B 34). The girl is more of a tom boy who wants to be like one of the guys. Also, in the West Side Story, it uses many camera angles and distances. One example is the high-angle shot (B 49). In the very beginning the camera shows an overview of the West Side. I think that is shows this because it gives the audience a perspective on how large the West Side is. It also shows a distance shot (B 49) when the police arrive to the fight scene where the...

Perspective in The Outsiders, and A Squatters Tale Essay -- Outsiders

Websters online dictionary of the English Language defines outsider as follows Outsider n. 1. A soul or thing not within an enclosure, boundary etc. 2. A person not belonging to a particular group, set, party, etc. 3. A person unconnected or unacquainted with the matter in question. 4. A racehorse, not classified among the best or among those expected to win. Considering these definitions of the word, outsider, one is struck by the eclecticist array of meanings. Sometimes words have multiple meanings that are ironically linked. Are people as multifaceted as words? The fundamental laws of loving relations call upon humans to attempt to fit in and belong. So, striving to fit in to ones family, peer group, community, and the world at large is an ongoing engagement that most humans face to one degree or another. On a larger scale, bloody battles are fought between countries, governments, and races in an effort to co-exist on the planet. The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton and A Squatters Tale by Ike Oguine are stories that tell of this battle to fit in, and both have characters that personify these four definitions of the word, outsider. These tales have dramatic themes and stylistics that in some ways are similar and in other ways unique, but they all have significant effects on the readers. There is a common theme of violence in both stories. Obi, the protagonist in A Squatters Tale, depicts how Nigeria has had its own history of violence. There are sharp divisions between the cryptical and the poor, those in power and those being manipulated. Corruption in the government was at an epidemic level in the mid nineties. Bribery, extortion and strong-arm tactics have compel the norm. The... ...ey are not expected to win in life. However, one is left at the end of these stories with an undeniable feeling of optimism and assurance that Obi and Ponyboy will persevere in their struggle to overcome the obstacles in their lives. Works Cited Com ing to America. Dir. John Landis. Perf. Eddie Murphy, Arsenio Hall, James Earl Jones, Madge Sinclair. Paramount Pictures Video,1988 Class Film. NJIT. LIT 350-102. Spring Semester, 2002. Hinton, S.E. The Outsiders. New York Penguin, 1967. Oguine, Ike. A Squatters Tale. Oxford Heinemann, 2000. Vitullo-Martin, Julia and J. Robert Moskin. The Executives retain of Quotations. New York Oxford University Press, 1994. Websters Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. New York Random House. 1989.

Essay --

Summary1. In your own words what argon the main points and ideas of the material in the chapter?Performance measurement is the criteria for providing direction in the development of instruction. It is heavy to establish these measurements to determine if the students performance is aligned with the organizations vision and strategy. Performance measurement guides us in strategically selecting and managing the instructional content and activities that will advocate learner achievement. It also provides a more systematic way of monitoring the learners performance during and after instruction has been delivered. This leads to increasing focus on learner accountability. Without performance measurement, it would be difficult for us to determine if the organization is moving in a positive direction, knowing whether the learners are improving their performance, and defining how future efforts may be enhanced.Efficient instruction loses its relevance if it does not foster positive learnin g outcomes. We cannot just assume that a learner will gain acquaintance and ameliorate performance because they attended a training session. How well learners perform can largely depend on their own motivation. But, we must also be held responsible for delivering the right instruction to develop their skills and enhance their knowledge. It is important to ask ourselves what we want the learners to do differently after the training has been administered. Keeping that at the forefront, we can and so begin to develop the performance objectives and measurements. It is necessary for us to be cognizant of what the learners knew before the training to decipher what we want the learners to accomplish. We cannot test learners on something that we did not teach... ...ever-changing chore environment. Organizations can only move as fast as their workers want to move. We can ensure that our learners keep up with change and can transfer the knowledge and skills they obtain to effectively pe rform on-the-job.We need to welcome the opportunity to be accountable for our performance. We should want to promote and demonstrate the value we bring to an organization with what we do. We are the ones who can create a meaningful learning experience. To me, it is exciting to have the opportunity to impact learners with new knowledge. We have the ability to be creative, solve problems, figure learning styles, and keep up with technology. Having these attributes to create engaging content that has real meaning and purpose and builds on the knowledge and skills of learners is something to be proud of and accountable for in an organization.